.T9 U6 
1914 
Copy 3 

FT MEADE 
GcnCol1 


DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

if. s. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 

• * 

SAM. L. ROGERS, Director 


CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 

1914 


TURPENTINE AND ROSIN 


Prepared under the supervision of W. M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 


CONTENTS 


Page 


Explanation of terms. 2 

General statistics. 3 

Summary for the industry. 3 

Comparison with earlier censuses. 3 

Summary, by states. 4 

Persons engaged in the industry. 4 

Wage earners employed, by months.. 1. 5 

Prevailing hours of labor. 5 

Character of ownership. 6 

Size of establishments. 6 


Page 


General statistics—Continued. 

Engines and power. 7 

Fuel. 7 

Special statistics as to materials, products, and crops. 8 

Materials and products. 8 

Equipment and methods of operation. 8 

General tables: 

Table 14.—Comparative summary, by states, for 1914, 1909, 

and 1904. 10 

Table 15.—Detail statistics for the turpentine and rosin in¬ 
dustry, by states: 1914. 10 



/ 7 (p 6 7 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1917 








































EXPLANATION OF TERMS. > 




Scope of census.—Census statistics of manufactures are compiled 
primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative 
magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownership, size of establishments, 
and similar subjects. When use is made of the statistics for these 

S oses it is imperative that due attention should be given to their 
ations, particularly in connection with any attempt to derive 
from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of produc¬ 
tion, or profits. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or whose products were valued at less than $500, or 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered.—The returns relate to the calendar year 1914, or 
the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year’s operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during the year. 

The establishment.—As a rule, the term “establishment” repre¬ 
sents a single plant or factory, but in some cases it represents two or 
more plants which were operated under a, common ownership or 
for which one set of books of account was kept. If, however, the 

{ >lants constituting an establishment as thus defined were not all 
ocated within the same city or state, separate reports were secured 
in order that the figures for each plant might be included in the 
statistics for the city or state in which it was located. 

Influence of increased prices.—In comparing figures for cost of 
materials, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 
1914 and 1909 with the corresponding figures for earlier censuses, 
account should be taken of the general increase in the prices of com¬ 
modities during recent years. To the extent to which this factor 
has been influential the figures fail to afford an exact measure of the 
increase in the volume of business. 

Persons engaged in the industry.—The following general classes 
of persons engaged in the industry distinguished: (1) Proprietors 
and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superin¬ 
tendents and managers, 14) clerks (including other subordinate 
salaried employees), and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the 
censuses of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according 
to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) 
salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. In compara¬ 
tive tables covering the census of 1904 it is of course necessary to 
group the figures according to the classification that was employed 
at the earlier censuses. 

The number of persons engaged in the industry, distributed by 
sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 
16 or 16 and over), was reported for a single representative day. 
The 15th of December was selected as representing for most estab¬ 
lishments normal conditions of employment, but where this date 
was not a representative day an earlier date was chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus 
reported for the representative date has been treated as equivalent 
to the average for the year, since the number of employees of this 
class does not ordinarily vary much from month to month. In 
the case of wage earners the average has been obtained in the 
maimer explained in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on the representative date, a report was 
obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, 
without distinction of sex or age. From these figures the average 
number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by dividing 
the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. 
The average thus obtained approximates the number of wage earn¬ 
ers that would be required to perform the work done if all were 
constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, the im¬ 
portance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed to be 
more accurately measured by this average than by the number 
employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In order to determine as nearly as possible the sex and age dis¬ 
tribution of the average number of wage earners for the industry as 
a whole, the per cent distribution by sex and age of the wage earners 
reported for December 15, or the nearest representative day, has 
been calculated from the actual number reported for that date, the 
percentages thus obtained have been applied to the average number 
of wage earners for the year in the industry to determine the average 
number of men, women, and children employed. 

Salaries and wages.—Under these heads are given the total pay¬ 
ments during the year for salaries and wages, respectively. The 
Census Bureau has not undertaken to calculate the average annual 
earnings of either salaried employees or wage earners. Such aver¬ 
ages would possess little real value, because they would be based on 
the earnings of employees of both sexes, of all ages, and of widely 
varying degrees of skill. Furthermore, so far as wage earners are 
concerned, it would be impossible to calculate accurately even so 

( 2 ) 



simple an average as this, since the number of wage earners fluctu¬ 
ates from month to month. The Census Bureau’s figures for wage 
earners, as already explained, are averages based on the number 
employed on the 15th of each month and represent the approxi¬ 
mate number who would be required to perform the work if all 
were continuously employed during the year, whereas the actual 
number to whom the total wages were paid would be larger. 

Prevailing hours of labor.—No attempt was made to ascertain the 
number of wage earners working a given number of hours per week. 
The inquiry called merely for the prevailing practice followed in 
each establishment. Occasional variations in hours in an estab¬ 
lishment from one part of the year to another were disregarded, and 
no attention was paid to the fact that a limited number of wage 
earners might have hours differing from those of the majority. All 
the wage earners of each establishment are therefore counted in 
the class within which the establishment itself falls. In most 
establishments, however, all or practically all the wage earners 
work the same number of hours, so that the figures give a substan¬ 
tially correct representation of the hours of labor. 

Capital.—The instructions on the schedule for securing data 
relating to capital were as follows: 

The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned and borrowed, 
onthelastdayofthe business year reported. All theitems of fixed and live capital 
may be taken at the amounts carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented 
that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or buildings 
is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the 
value of the owned property given. Do not include securities and loans represent¬ 
ing investments in other enterprises. 

These instructions were identical with those employed at the 
census of 1909. The data compiled in respect to capital, however, 
at both censuses, as well as at all preceding censuses of manufactures, 
have been so defective as to be of little value except as indicating 
very general conditions. In,fact, it has been repeatedly recom¬ 
mended by the census authorities that this inquiry be omitted from 
the.schedule.. While there are some establishments whose account¬ 
ing systems are such that an accurate return for capital could be 
made, this is not true of the great majority, and the figures therefore 
do not show the actual amount of capital invested. 

Materials.—The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the 
materials purchased during the year. The term “materials” 
covers fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials which form a constituent part of the product. 

Rent and taxes.—The taxes include internal revenue, corpora¬ 
tion income tax, and state, county, and local taxes. In some 
instances the amount of the corporation tax for 1914 had not been 
ascertained when the report was prepared and the amount paid 
for 1913 was given. 

Value of products.—The amounts given under this heading repre¬ 
sent the selling value or price at the factory of all products manu¬ 
factured during the year, which may differ from tne value of the 
products sold. 

Value added by manufacture.—The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure of either the absolute or the relative importance 
of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually 
created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part, and often by far the larger one, represents 
the value of the materials used. For many purposes, therefore, the 
best measure of the importance of an industry is the value created 
by the manufacturing operations carried on within the industry. 
Tnis value is calculated by deducting the cost of the materials used 
from the value of the products. The figure thus obtained is termed 
in the census reports “value added by manufacture.” 

Cost of manufacture and profits.—The census data do not show 
the entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used 
for the calculation of profits. No account has been taken of interest 
or depreciation, rent of offices and buildings other than factorv or 
works, insurance, ordinary repairs, advertising, and other sundry 
expenses. 

Primary horsepower.—This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented from other concerns. 
It does not cover the power of electric motors taking their current 
from dynamos driven by primary power machines operated by the 
same establishment, because the inclusion of such power would ob¬ 
viously result in duplication. The figures for primary horsepower 
represent the rated capacity of the engines, motors, etc., and not 
the amount of power in actual daily use, since in most cases an 
engine or motor is not required to deliver continuously its full rated 
horsepower. 

Fuel.y-Statistics of the quantity of fuel used are shown only for 
anthracite and bituminous coal, coke, oil, and gas. They relate 
to the quantity used during the year, which may be more or less 
than the quantity purchased. As only the principal varieties of fuel 
are shown, no comparison can be made with the total cost of all fuel. 


D. of. D. 

JUL 16 191? 





TURPENTINE AND ROSIN 


By John B. Hopkins. 


GENERAL STATISTICS. 


Summary for the industry.—The statistics for the 
turpentine and rosin industry, as given in this re¬ 
port, cover the operations of establishments engaged 
in the distillation of oil or spirits of turpentine from 
the semifluid exudation of the pine tree, the crude 
material, designated as “dip” (the free-flowing sap) 
or “scrape” (the gum scraped from the cuts in the 
trees), being derived from the long-leaf pine (Pinus 
palustris), which is indigenous to the coastal area 
extending from North Carolina to eastern Texas, and 
to a less extent from the Cuban or slash pine (Pinus 
heterophylla ) and the loblolly pine (Pinus taedd). A 


small amount of spirits of turpentine is obtained from 
pine wood by destructive distillation or by the steam 
process. The establishments, 14 in number, which 
produce turpentine in this manner are treated as 
belonging to the wood-distillation industry, and the 
statistics therefor are not herein included except in 
connection with the presentation of data for total 
production. 

Comparison with earlier censuses.—Table 1 summa¬ 
rizes the more important data relative to the industry 
for the censuses of 1914, 1909, 1904, and 1899, and 
gives percentages of increase from census to census. 


Table 1 


NUMBER OR AMOUNT. 


PER CENT OF INCREASE .1 


1914 

1909 

1904 

1S99 

1909-1914 

1904-1909 

1899-1904 

Number of establishments. 

1,394 

38,294 

1,585 

1,287 

1,503 

-12.1 

23.2 

-14.4 

Persons engaged. 

44,524 

37,526 

45,945 

-14.0 

18.6 

-18.3 

Proprietors and firm members. 

1,621 

1,856 

2.567 

1,997 

2,192 

-36.9 

28.5 

-8.9 

Salaried employees. 

2,446 

2,147 
33,382 

1,889 

-24.1 

13.9 

13.7 

Wage earners (average number). 

34,817 

39,511 

41,864 

-11.9 

18.4 

-20.3 

Primary horsepower.. 

2,478 

4,129 

*12,400,978 

1,175 

866 

-40.0 

251.4 

35.7 

Capital. 

Salaries and wages. 

*20,744,872 

*6.961,185 

*11,847,495 

67.3 

78.1 

-41.2 

*10,017,385 

*11,018,750 

*9,534,922 

*9,172,177 

-9.1 

15.6 

4.0 

Salaries. 

*1,434,415 

*1,655,391 

*1,152,222 

*778,694 

-13.3 

43.7 

48.0 

Wages. 

*8,582,970 

*9,363,359 

*8,382,700 

*8,393,483 

-8.3 

11.7 

-0.1 

Paid for contract work. 

Rent and taxes (including internal revenue). 

*532,143 
*192,027 

$658,006 

*193,617 

*4,910,838 

*51,843 

2 *62,502 

*160,309 

2*99,632 

*6,186,492 

-19.1 

-0.8 

1,169.2 

-67.7 

Cost of materials. 

*5,535,561 
*20,990,191 

*3,774,637 

12.7 

30.1 

-39.0 

Value of products. 

*25,295,017 

*23,937,024 

*20,162,387 

*20,344,888 

-17.0 

5.7 

17.7 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials). 

*15,454,630 

*20,384,179 

*14,158,396 

-24.2 

1.1 

42.4 

Quantity of principal products: 

Spirits of turpentine (gallons). 

26,980,981 

28,988,954 

30,687,051 

37,733,500 

-6.9 

-5.5 

-18.7 

Rosin (barrels of 280 pounds gross). 

2,885,077 

3,263,857 

3,508,347 

4,348,094 

-11.6 

-7.0. 

-19.3 


i A minus sign (—) denotes decrease. * Exclusive of internal revenue. 


The primitive method of charring wood under sod 
in kilns or pits to extract tar and pitch was employed 
by the earlier settlers of the eastern coast of Virginia 
and the Carolinas. Because the use of tar and pitch 
at this period was practically restricted to shipbuild¬ 
ing they were called “naval stores” by which term 
they, as well as spirits of turpentine and rosin, are still 
known. 

Spirits of turpentine and rosin are now used chiefly 
as ingredients in such commodities as paint, oil, var¬ 
nish, soap, paper, rubber, oilcloth, linoleum, sealing 
wax, fly paper, ink, lubricating compounds, and 
medicinal preparations. In recent years tar and pitch 
have come to be of little importance, owing mainly 
to the diminished demand for them since the general 
displacement of wooden by iron and steel ships. 

The relatively small proportion—26.4 per cent in 
1914—which the cost of materials, as shown in the 
table, forms of the value of products in this industry 
is due to the fact that the greater part of the cost of 
the material is the compensation of the employees 
engaged in gathering the crude gum and is reported 

89273°—17 


under the head of “wages.” In most cases it is quite 
impossible to distinguish the cost of labor and other 
expenses connected with the gathering of the gum 
from those pertaining to the distillation process. 

The decrease of 12.1 per cent in the number of estab¬ 
lishments during the five-year period 1909-1914 may 
be attributed to two causes: First, the diminution in 
the supply of longleaf pine in turpentine-producing 
states; and second, the tendency of manufacturing to 
concentrate in large establishments. 

The increase of 67.3 per cent in the capital invested 
may be ascribed to various causes, viz, the develop¬ 
ment of new territory; the installation of the more 
expensive “cup system” of gathering the gum, in 
place of the less efficient “box system”; an advance 
in prices paid for turpentine rights; and also, in some 
instances, the seeming inability of the operators to 
segregate the value of the land from the value of the 
turpentine privileges. 

The decrease of 17 per cent in value of products be¬ 
tween 1909 and 1914 was due in part to diminished 
production and in part to a decrease in unit values. 

( 3 ) 






































4 


MANUFACTURES 


During the period 1909-1914 the production of spirits 
of turpentine declined by more than 2,000,000 gallons, 
or 6.9 per cent, and that of rosin by 378,780 barrels, 
or 11.6 per cent; and this decrease in output was 
accompanied by a drop in the average price of the 
former product from 43.65 cents to 38.95 cents per 


gallon and in the average price of the latter from S3.85 
to S3.58 per barrel. 

Summary, by states. —Table 2 summarizes the more 
important statistics of the industry by states, the 
states being arranged according to the value of prod¬ 
ucts reported for 1914. 


CENSUS OF 1914. 

PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1 

Number of establish¬ 
ments. 

Wage earners. 

Value of products. 

Value added by- 
manufacture. 

Wage earners 
(average number). 

Value of products. 

Value added by 
manufacture. 

Aver- 

ago 

num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bu¬ 

tion. 

Rank. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bu¬ 

tion. 

Rank. 

Amount. 

Per 

cent 

distri¬ 

bu¬ 

tion. 

Rank. 

1909- 

1914 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1909- 

1914 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1909- 

1914 

1904- 

1909 

1899- 

1904 

1914 

1909 

2 

6061 

5 

I 

1,394 

34,817 

100.0 



*20,990,191 

100.0 



*15,454,630 

100.0 



-11.9 

18.4 

-20.3 

-17.0 

5.7 

17.7 

-24.2 

1.1 

42.4 

508 

15,466 

44.4 

1 

1 

9,573,083 

45.6 

i 

1 

6,989,518 

45.2 

i 

1 

-14.8 

16.7 

3.1 

-19.8 

20.6 

53.0 

-29.9 

8.6 

74.9 

562 

9,118 

26.2 

2 

2 

4,607,590 

22.0 

2 

2 

3,434,960 

22.2 

2 

2 

-28.7 

9.0 

-38.9 

-33.6 

-10.0 

-5.0 

-39.5 

-13.3 

12.6 

160 

3,411 

9.8 

3 

3 

2,047,132 

9.8 

3 

3 

1,525,946 

9.9 

3 

3 

-3.1 

20.6 

-21.4 

-17.2 

1.6 

19.7 

-23.2 

3.3 

39.0 

61 

3,275 

9.4 

4 

4 

1,997,139 

9.5 

4 

4 

1,416,960 

9.2 

5 

4 

27.3 

-2.3 

15.1 

35.4 

-37.7 

33.5 

25.9 

-42.9 

83.4 

27 

2,472 

7.1 

5 

5 

1,858,391 

8.8 

5 

5 

1,434,041 

9.3 

4 

5 

46.4 

615.3 

-21.9 

58.3 

453.8 

84.3 

41.3 

480.6 

113.4 

6 

809 

2.3 

6 

7 

608,374 

2.9 

6 

8 

510,098 

3.3 

6 

8 

269.4 



179.3 



189.9 



35 

221 

0.6 

7 

6 

151.801 

0.7 

7 

7 

94,700 

0.6 

7 

6 

-50.1 

162. i 

-80.9 

-62.6 

-29.3 

-27.2 

-60.9 

21.0 

-36.9 

35 

45 

0.1 

8 

8 

146,681 

0.7 

8 

6 

48,407 

0.3 

8 

7 

-67.6 

-6.1 

-63.0 

-78.2 

-9.3 

-29.6 

-74.7 

15.8 

-30.7 


Table 2 


United States. 

Florida. 

o'eorgia. 

Alabama. 

Mississippi. 

Louisiana. 

Texas. 

South Carolina. 

North Carolina. 


* Percentages are based on figures in Table 14; a minus sign (—) denotes decrease. 


In 1849 the industry was largely confined to the 
eastern part of North Carolina, which continued to be 
the leading state until 1879, when it was outranked 
by South Carolina. In 1889 and 1899 Georgia led 
in value of products, but at the last three censuses 
Florida has ranked first and Georgia second, while 
North Carolina in 1914 ranked eighth, producing less 
than 1 per cent of the total in value of products. 

The value added by manufacture forms a much 
larger proportion of the value of products in this than 
in most industries, as the greater part of the cost of the 
raw material is reported as wages. 

Persons engaged in the industry.—Table 3 shows, for 
1914 and 1909, the number of persons engaged in the 
industry, distributed by sex, the average number of 
wage earners being distributed also by age. The sex 
and age classification of the average number of wage 
earners in this and other tables is an estimate obtained 
by the method described in the “Explanation of 
terms.” Table 4 gives, for the several classes of per¬ 
sons engaged in the industry, the percentages of in¬ 


crease from 1909 to 1914, and the per cent distribution 
at the two censuses. 


Table 3 

CLASS. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

year. 

PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 

Total. 

Male. 

1 

Fe¬ 

male. 

Per cent of 
total. 

Male. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

All classes. 

1914 

38,294 

38,198 

96 

99.7 

0.3 


1909 

44,524 

44,426 

98 

99.8 

0.2 

Proprietors and officials. 

1914 

~2,926 

2,906 

20 

99.3 

0.7 


1909 

3,713 

3,683 

30 

99.2 

0.8 

Proprietors and firm members... 

1914 

1,621 

1,601 

20 

98.8 

1.2 


1909 

2,567 

2,537 

30 

98.8 

1.2 

Salaried officers of corporations... 

1914 

117 

117 


100.0 



1909 

86 

86 


100.0 


Superintendents and managers „. 

1914 

1,188 

1,188 


100.0 



1909 

1,060 

1,060 


100.0 


Clerks and other subordinate salaried 

1914 

551 

543 

8 

98.5 

1.5 

employees. 

1909 

1,300 

1,296 

4 

99.7 

0.3 

Wage earners (average number). 

1914 

34,817 

34,749 

68 

99.8 

0.2 


1909 

39,511 

39,447 

64 

99.8 

0.2 

16 years of age and over. 

1914 

34,358 

34,293 

65 

99.8 

0.2 


1909 

38,918 

38,861 

57 

99.9 

0.1 

Under 16 years of age. 

1914 

459 

456 

3 

99.3 

0.7 


1909 

593 

586 

7 

98.8 

1.2 


Table 4 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 

Per cent of increase, 1 1909-1914. 

Per cent distribution. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

All classes. 

-14.0 

-14.0 


100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

306 

Proprietors and officials. 

-21.2 

-21.1 


7.6 

8.3 

7.6 

8.3 

20.8 

Proprietors and firm members. 


-36.9 

-36.9 


4.2 

0.3 

3.1 

1.4 

90.9 

58 

0.2 

2.4 

2.9 

887 

4.2 

0.3 

3.1 

1.4 

91.0 

57 

0.2 

2.4 

2.9 

888 

20.8 

30.6 

Salaried oflScers of corporations. 


Superintendents and managers. 

12.1 

-57.6 

-11.9 

12.1 

-58 1 

-11.9 




Clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 


83 

70.8 

4.1 

65.3 

Wage earners (average number). 


16 years of age and over. 


-11.7 

-22.6 

-11.8 

-22.2 


89.7 

1.2 

87.4 

1.3 

89.8 

1.2 

87.5 

1.3 

67.7 

3.1 

582 

7.1 

Under 16 years of age. 


4 



1 A minus sign (—) denotes decrease; percentages are omitted where base is less than 100. 



























































































































































TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 


5 


In 1014, of tlio total number of persons engaged in 
the industry, 90.9 per cent were wage earners, 7.6 per 
cent were proprietors and officials, and 1.4 per cent 
were clerks and other subordinate salaried employees. 
Only 96 females were engaged in the industry and of 
these 20 were proprietors and firm members. There 
were 459 wage earners under 16 years of age, or 1.2 
per cent of the total. 

The only classes which show increases for the five- 
year period are salaried officers of corporations and 
superintendents and managers. The employment of 
child labor shows a marked decline, the decrease in 
wage earners under 16 being relatively nearly twice 
as great as that in wage earners 16 years of age and 
over. 

Wage earners employed, by months.— The following 
table gives for the industry the total number of wage 
earners employed on the 15 th of each month, or the 
nearest representative day, for 1914 and 1909, and 
the average number employed each month in 1904, 
together with the percentage which the number 


reported for each month forms of the maximum 
number reported for any month. 


Tabic 5 

MONTH. 


January..., 
February. 
March..'... 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July.. 

August.... 
September. 
October.... 
November. 
December.. 


WAGE EARNERS IN THE INDUSTRY. 

Number. 1 

Per cent of maximum. 

1914 

; 1909 

1904 

1914 

1909 

1.04 

33.717 

37,112 

27,515 

89.3 

91.3 

1 72.9 

33 984 

37.310 

28,084 

90.0 

91.9 

74.4 

35.759 

39,489 

33.266 

94.7 

97.2 

1 88.1 

37.408 

39,974 

35.955 

99.0 

98.4 

95.2 

37.767 

40,378 

37,415 

100.0 

99. 1 

99.1 

37,647 

40.555 

37, 761 

99.7 

99.8 

100.0 

37.579 

40,634 

36,799 

99.5 

100.0 

97.5 

35,747 

40,583 

35,401 

94.7 

99.9 

93.8 

31.031 

40.378 

34.566 

90.1 

99.4 

91.5 

32,608 

39.749 

33,544 

86.3 

97. S 

88.8 

31.1,50 

39.597 

32.196 

82.5 

97.4 

85.3 

30,407 

39.343 

28,082 

; 80.5 

96.8 

74.4 


1 The figures for 1914 and 1909 represent the number employed on the 15th of each 
month, or the nearest representative day; those for 1904, the average number em¬ 
ployed during the month. 


Table 6 gives the total average number of wage 
earners emplo}^ed during 1914, together with the total 
number employed on the 15th of each month, or the 
nearest representative day, for the United States as a 
whole and for each of the eight states. 


Tabic 6 


WAGE earners; 1911. 

[Month of maximum employment for each state is indicated by boldface figures and that of minimum by italic figures.] 


STATE. 


United States 

Alabama. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Louisiana. 

Mississippi. 

North Carolina.. 

South Carolina. 

Texas. 


Average 

number 

em¬ 

ployed 

during 

year. 

Number employed on 15th day of the month or nearest representative day. 

Per 
cent 
mini¬ 
mum 
is of 
maxi¬ 
mum. 

January. 

Febru¬ 

ary. 

March. 

April. 

May. 

June. 

July. 

August. 

Septem¬ 

ber. 

October. 

Novem¬ 

ber. 

Decem¬ 

ber. 

34,817 

33,717 

33,984 

35,759 

37,408 

37,767 

37,647 

37,579 

35,747 

34,031 

32,608 

31,150 

30,407 

80.5 

3,411 

2,979 

3,003 

3,501 

3,751 

3,773 

3,798 

3,815 

3,658 

3,543 

3,314 

2,998 

2,799 

73.4 

15,466 

15,412 

15,502 

16,102 

16,651 

16,926 

16.988 

16, 726 

15, 741 

14,523 

14,178 

13,554 

13,289 

78.2 

9,118 

8,625 

8,814 

9,345 

10,015 

10,116 

9,884 

10,032 

9,322 

9,070 

8,424 

8,055 

7, 714 

76.3 

2,472 

2,512 

2,511 

2,506 

2,571 

2,454 

2,445 

2,446 

2,488 

2,450 

2,401 

2,402 

2,478 

93.4 

3,275 

3,166 

3,189 

3,246 

3,302 

3,312 

3,362 

3,372 

3,351 

3,310 

3,275 

3,216 

3,200 

93.9 

45 

27 

26 

26 

44 

65 

65 

65 

63 

63 

34 

32 

30 

40.0 

221 

135 

145 

230 

283 

303 

279 

275 

262 

244 

226 

162 

108 

35.6 

809 

862 

794 

803 

791 

818 

826 

848 

862 

828 

756 

731 

789 

84.8 


The work done by wage earners in the turpentine 
and rosin industry is distributed as follows: Cutting 
boxes and hanging cups during the winter months, 
chipping and dipping in the spring and summer, and 
scraping and raking in the fall. The greatest number 
of wage earners are employed during the chipping and 
dipping season, a somewhat augmented force being 
required at that time to transport the gum, operate 
the distilleries, and handle the products. Taking the 
industry as a whole, the largest number employed 
during any month of 1914 was 37,767, in May, and 
the smallest was 30,407, in December, the minimum 
forming 80.5 per cent of the maximum. The variation 
was thus considerably greater than in 1909, when the 
minimum number represented 91.3 per cent of the 
maximum, but was materially less than in 1904, for 
which year the corresponding percentage was only 72.9. 

Among the states having over 2,000 wage earners, 
the greatest fluctuation in 1914 is shown for Alabama, 
in which the minimum month represented only 73.4 per 
cent of the maximum, and the smallest for Mississippi, 
in which the corresponding percentage was 93.9. 

89273°—17-2 


Prevailing hours of labor. —In Table 7 the average 
number of wage earners reported for 1914 and 1909, 
for the industry, have been classified according to the 
number of hours of labor per week prevailing in the 
establishment in which they were employed. In this 
industry, however, in which the piecework system of 
wage payments is in very general use and the woods¬ 
men usually work irregular hours, a classification on 
this basis is of doubtful significance. 

The figures in this table for the entire industry indi¬ 
cate a tendency toward a shortening of the working 
day of the wage earner. In 1914, 16,859 or 48.4 per 
cent of the wage earners were employed in establish¬ 
ments where 60 hours or more per week were the 
prevailing hours of labor as compared with 20,776, 
or 52.6 per cent in 1909. The largest number of 
wage earners in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and 
South Carolina were employed in establishments 
where the prevailing hours of labor were 48 hours 
or less per week, while for the industry as a whole, 
and for the 4 remaining states, the prevailing hours 
were 60 per week. 









































































6 


MANUFACTURES 


Table 7 


United States 

Alabama. 

Florida... 

Georgia. 

Louisiana. 

Mississippi. 

North Carolina. 

South Carolina. 

Texas. 


Census 

year. 


1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 


Total. 


34.817 

39,511 


3,411 
3,519 
15,466 
18,143 
9,118 
12.787 
2,472 
1,688 

3,275 

2,573 

45 

139 

221 

443 

809 

219 


"WAGE EARNERS. 


Average number in establishments where the prevailing hours of labor 
per week were— 


48 and 
under. 


13,680 

14,786 


2,027 

1,243 

5,883 

8,344 

2,953 

2,764 

1,187 

262 

1,494 

1,830 

9 

69 

127 

174 


100 


Between 
48 and 54. 


2,770 

2,647 


144 

187 

1,155 

1,983 

868 

428 

170 


405 

24 

8 

2 

20 

23 


728 

1,022 


152 
248 
476 
635 
’ 90 
139 


Between 
54 and 
60. 


780 

280 


40 

24 

255 

147 

419 

109 


15,995 
19,607 


919 

1,393 

7,294 

6,859 

4,700 

9,032 

948 

1,277 

1,240 

621 

27 

60 

58 

246 

809 

119 


Between 
60 and. 
72. 


713 

997 


82 

359 

387 

149 


241 

167 

149 

77 

98 


151 

172 


Over 

72. 


Character of ownership.—Table 8 presents statistics 
concerning the character of ownership, or legal or¬ 


ganization, of establishments in the industry, for 1914 
and 1909, and for 1914 for the eight states. 


Table 8 

STATE. 

. NUMBER OF 
ESTABLISHMENTS 
OWNED BY— 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 

Total. 

In establishments 
owned by— 

Per cent of. total. 

Indi¬ 

vid¬ 

uals. 

Cor¬ 

pora¬ 

tions. 

All 

oth¬ 

ers. 

Indi¬ 

vid¬ 

uals. 

Cor¬ 

pora¬ 

tions. 

All. 

oth¬ 

ers. 

Indi¬ 

vid¬ 

uals. 

Cor¬ 

pora^ 

tions. 

All 

oth¬ 

ers. 

United States: 











1914. 

552 

221 

621 

34,817 

8,571 

12,812 

13,434 

24.6 

37.0 

38.4 

1909.. 

599 

1% 

790 

39,511 

11,022 

9,130 

19,359 

27.9 

23.1 

49.0 

Alabama. 

74 

24 

62 

3,411 

1,175 

881 

1.355 

34.4 

25.8 

39.7 

Florida. 

153 

100 

255 

15.466 

3,425 

5,292 

6,749 

22.1 

34.2 

43.6 

Georgia. 

254 

42 

266 

9,118 

3,449 

835 

4,834 

37.8 

9.2 

53.0 

Louisiana. 

4 

17 

6 

2,472 

80 

2,293 

99 

3.2 

92.8 

4.0 

Mississippi. 

16 

30 

15 

3,275. 

233 

2,770 

272 

7.1 

84.6 

8.3 

North Carolina. 

25 

2 

8 

45 

29 


1 16 

64.4 


135.6 

South Carolina. 

26 

2 

7 

221 

180 


i 41 

81. 4 


U8. 6 

Texas. 


4 

2 

809 


2 809 



2 100.0 











VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 



Of establishments owned by— 

Per cent of total. 

Total. 

Indi¬ 

viduals. 

Corpora¬ 

tions. 

All 

others. 

Indi¬ 

vid¬ 

uals. 

Cor¬ 

pora¬ 

tions. 

All 

oth¬ 

ers. 

.$20,990,191 

84.731,386 

$8,402,036 

$7,856,769 

22.5 

40.3 

37.2 

25,295,017 

6,966,127 

6.144,056 

12,184,834 

27.5 

24.3 

48.1 

2,047,132 

642,881 

546,710 

857,541 

31.4 

26.7 

41.9 

9,573,083 

1,961.374 

3,588,009 

4.023.700 

20.5 

37.5 

42.0 

4,607,590 

1,694,126 

447,636 

2,465,828 

36.8 

9.7 

53.5 

1,858,391 

66,099 

1,709,584 

82,708 

3.6 

92.0 

4.4 

1,997,139 

155,842 

1,552,057 

289,240 

7.8 

77.7 

14.5 

146,681 

107,934 

1 38,747 

73.6 


126.4 

151,801 
608,374 

103,130 


148,671 

67.9 


132.1 

2 608,374 

2 100.00 







1 Includes “corporations.” 


2 Includes “all others.” 


In 1914 the greatest proportion of the establish¬ 
ments and of the number of wage earners employed— 
44.7 and 38.4 per cent, respectively—are shown for 
those under “all other” ownership, which is composed 
of limited partnerships and firms; but for value of 
products those owned by corporations predominate. 
In 1909, establishments operated by firms predomi¬ 
nated in all three items, forming 49.8 per cent, 49 
per cent, and 48.1 per cent, respectively, of the totals. 
For the states, individual ownership predominated in 
the Carolinas in all items; corporations in Louisiana, 
Mississippi, and Texas; and “all other” or firms in 
Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. 

Size of establishments.—The tendency of the indus¬ 
try to become concentrated in large establishments, 
or the reverse, is indicated by the statistics given in 
Table 9. 

Of the 20 establishments which for 1914 reported 
products valued at more than $100,000 each, 1 was 
located in Alabama, 7 in Florida, 7 in Louisiana, 4 in 
Mississippi, and 1 in Texas. The greatest output was I 
reported by the plant in Texas. 


Tal&e 9 

VALUE OF PRODUCT. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

year. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 

Aver¬ 
age 
num- 
• ber of 
wage 
earners. 

Value of 
products. 

Value 
added by 
manufac¬ 
ture. 

All classes. 

1914 

1,394 

34,817 

$20,990,191 

$15,454,630 


1909 

1,585 

39,511 

25,295,017 

20,384,179 

Less than $5,000. 

1914 

357 

2,370 

1,076,043 

730,684 


1909 

249 

1,409 

775,812 

530,619 

$5,000 to $20,000.:. 

1914 

800 

15,987 

8,494,419 

6,152,268 


1909 

971 

19,261 

11,216,577 

8,933,708 

$20,000 t o $100,000. 

1914 

217 

11,232 

7,888,112 

5,933,919 


1909 

355 

16,412 

11,618,484 

9,594,332 

$100,000 to $1,000,000. 

1914 

20 

5,228 

3,531,617 

2,637,759 


1909 

10 

2,429 

1,684,144 

1,325,520 

Per cent distribution: 






Less than $5,000. 

1914 

25.6 

6.8 

5.1 

4.7 


1909 

15.7 

3.6 

3.1 

2.6 

$5,000 to $20,000. 

1914 

57.4 

45.9 

40.5 

39.8 


1909 

61.3 

48.7 

44.3 

43.8 

$20,000 to $100,000. 

1914 

15.6 

32.3 

37.6 

38.4 


1909 

22.4 

41.5 

45.9 

47.1 

$100,000 to $1,000,000. 

1914 

1.4 

15.0 

16.8 

17.1 


1909 

0.6 

6.1 

6.7 

6.5 


It is noteworthy that both this group of large 
establishments and the group comprising the smallest 































































































































































TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 


ones—those having products valued at less than 
$5,000—show marked increases for the period 1909- 
1914 in number of establishments, average number 
of wage earners, value of products, and value added 
by manufacture, while decreases in all these respects 


appear for the other two groups and for the entire 
industry. 

Table 10 shows the size of establishments in 1914 and 
1909, as measured by number of wage earners employed 
for the industry as a whole, and for the eight states. 


Table lO 

STATE. 

Census 

year. 

TOTAL. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

earners 

(average 

number). 

United States.... 

1914 

1,394 

34,817 


1909 

1,585 

39,511 

Alabama. 

1914 

160 

3,411 


1909 

175 

3,519 

Florida. 

1914 

508 

15,466 


1909 

593 

lS, 143 

Georgia. 

1914 

562 

9,118 


1909 

592 

12,787 

Louisiana.... 

1914 

27 

2,472 


1909 

23 

1,688 

Mississippi. 

1914 

61 

3,275 


1909 

64 

2,573 

North Carolina. 

1914 

35. 

45 


1909 

79 

139 

South Carolina. 

1914 

35 

221 


1909 

56 

• 443 

Texas. 

1914 

6 

809 


1909 

3 

219 


ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING— 


No 

wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

1 to 5 wage 
earners. 

6 to 20 wage 
earners. 

21 to 50 wage 
earners. 

51 to 100 wage 
earners. 

101 to 250 
wage earners. 

251 to 500 
wage earners. 

501 to 1,000 
wage earners. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ment's. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

earners. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

earners. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

Estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ing ts. 

Wage 

earneft. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

> 

Wage 

earners. 

Estab¬ 

lish¬ 

ments. 

Wage 

earn¬ 

ers. 











1 





21 

218 

629 

631 

8,569 

419 

13,499 

77 

5,561 

20 

3,263 

7 

2,557 

1 

739 

19 

194 

468 

655 

9,430 

603 

19,245 

88 

5,673 

23 

3,487 

2 

553 

1 

655 

4 

33 

lot 

57 

771 

59 

1,964 

7 

576 







2 

29 

92 

81 

1,147 

57 

1,824 


306 

1 

150 





i 

32 

119 

203 

2 885 

214 

7 025 

48 

•*3, 448 

g 

1.313 

2 

676 



10 

18 

67 

198 

3*047 

4,580' 

298 

9* 644 

57 

3*603 

12 

l] 782 





6 

83 

265 

344 

118 

3,481 

11 








2 

35 

134 

319 

4*515 

214 

6 ’ 620 

21 

*414 

29J| 

i 

104 






2 

5 

4 

46 

8 

222 

4 

. 7 

1,176 

2 , 

731 






7 

108 

9 

371 

1 

86 

5 

823 

4 

300 



2 

21 

59 

9 

138 

16 

647 

7 

» 

454 

3 

488 

2 

750 

1 

739 

2 

9 

13 

27 

375 

18 

591 

3 

164 

3 

522 

1 

253 

1 

655 

6 

28 

39 

1 

6 











76 

112 

3 

27 








* 



2 

19 

41 

13 

143 

1 

37 









3 

27 

50 

19 

198 

/? 

195 









3 

123 



2 

286 

1 

400 






1 

13 



1 

100 

1 

106 


















There were 21 establishments for which no wage 
earners were shown. These are small concerns where 
the work is done by the proprietors or firm members, 
or where the number employed was so small, and the 
time of employment so short that in computing the 
average, as described in the “Explanation of terms,” 
the number was less than one person and the estab¬ 
lishment was classed as having “no wage earners.” 
The large establishments, those employing over 100 
wage earners, formed 2 per cent of the total, but gave 
employment to 6,559, or 18.8 per cent of the total wage 


earners employed. A majority of the establishments. 
(1,050, or 75.3 per cent) employed from 6 to 50 wage 
earners, and the wage earners in this group formed 
63.4 per cent of the total number employed,. copi- 
pared with 72.6 per cent in 1909. In the individual 
states this is true also, with the exception of the t 
Carolinas, where the greatest proportion of establish¬ 
ments employed from 1 to 5. wage earners. 

Engines and power.—Table 11 shows, for 1914, 1909, 
and 1904, the number and horsepower of engines and 
motors employed in generating power. 


Table 11 

NUMBER OF ENGINES OR 



HORSEPOWER. 



POWER. 


MOTORS. 



Amount. 


Per cent distribution. 


1914 

1909 

1904 

1914 

1909 

1904 

1914 

1909 ’ 

1904 

Primary power, total. 

522 

1,214 

176 

2,478 

i 4,129 

1.175 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

Owned.- . 

522 

1,214 

176 

2,478 

4.122 

1,175 

ioo. a 

99.8 

100.0 

Steam engines and turbines,... 

TniomaLccmhustinn p/npines ._......... 

325 

193 

1,152 

58 

175 

1.669 

'789 

3,877 

231 

1,172 

67.4 

31.8 

93.9 

5.6 

99.7 

Water wheels, turbines, and motors... 

4 

4 

1 

20 

14 

- 

3 

0.8 

0.3 

0.3 


1 Includes seven horsepower of rented power other than electric. 


Little mechanical power is required for this indus¬ 
try, many establishments reporting none. The total 
primary power increased by 2,954 horsepower, or 
more than 250 per cent, between 1904 and 1909, but 
decreased during the next five-year period by 1,651 
horsepower, or 40 per cent. Practically all the power 
is derived from steam engines and turbines and inter¬ 
nal-combustion engines, the horsepower of the latter 


representing nearly one-third of the total in 1914, 
as against less than 6 per cent in 1909. 

Fuel.—The principal fuel used is wood, chiefly waste 
timber, the quantity of which was not reported. 
The only class of fuel reported was oil, of which 
783 barrels were consumed. All the turpentine states 
except Texas and South Carolina reported this variety 
of fuel. 
















































































































8 manufactures. 

SPECIAL STATISTICS AS TO MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND CROPS. 

Materials and products.—Table 12 presents, by quantity of materials consumed and the quantity and 
states, for 1914 and 1909, statistics in regard to the value of products. 


Table 12 

STATE. 

Census 

year. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 

MATERIALS USED. 

PRODUCTS. 1 

Crude gum distilled. 

Dip and 
scrape 
pur- 
ch Lsed 3 
(barrels). 

Total value. 

Spirits of turpentine. 

Rosin. 

Dross 
and all 
other 
prod¬ 
ucts, 
value. 

Dip 

(barms). 2 

Scrape 

(barrels). 2 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Barrels 

(280 

pounds). 

Value. 

United States... 

1914 

1,394 

2,194,532 

902,477 

83,666 

$20,990,191 

26,980,981 

$10,509,527 

2,885,077 

$10,329,410 

$151,254 


1909 

1,585 

2,376,903 

1,099,789 

180,119 

25,295,017 

28,988,954 

12,654,228 

3,263,857 

I2..i7i;.7-Jl 

64,068 

Alabama. 

1914 

160 

227,695 

110,629 

9,791 

2,047,132 

2,721, 777 

1,053,133 

294,820 

985,966 

8,033 


1909 

175 

236,279 

121,286 

13,324 

2,471,999 

2,840,242 

1,253,737 

309,763 

1,214,054 

4,208 

Florida. 

1914 

508 

975,535 

427,484 

6,937 

9,573,083 

12,363,232 

4,820,679 

1,310,307 

4,695,561 

56,843 


1909 

593 

1,112,195 

513,924 

2,614 

11,937,518 

13,809,785 

5,847,478 

1,555,749 

6,057,524 

32,516 

Georgia. 

1914 

562 

512,360 

178, 761 

12,717 

4,607,590 

6,228,041 

2,489,145 

621,306 

2,068,218 

50,227 


1909 

592 

656.736 

295,225 

13,608 

6,938.957 

8,056,752 

3,556,965 

904,103 

3,371,676 

10,316 

Louisiana. 

1914 

27 

175,908 

74,181 

1,046 

1,858,391 

2,252,118 

835,509 

269,274 

1,006,279 

16,603 


1909 

23 

90,224 

43,164 


1,173.848 

1,231,254 

592,641 

139,486 

573,306 

7,901 

Mississippi. 

1914 

61 

207.876 

73,333 

12,969 

1,997,139 

2,385,054 

905,747 

27o,205 

1,081,040 

10,352 


1909 

64 

127,102 

62,253 

6,669 

1,474,629 

1,588,786 

732,334 

192,508 

739,799 

2,496 

North Carolina. 

1914 

35 

24,964 

10,037 

27,945 

146,681 

182,378 

70,843 

23,641 

70,804 

5,034 


1909 

79 

101,188 

36,237 

122,631 

673,954 

781,197 

369,587 

83,070 

304,232 

135 

South Carolina. 

1914 

35 

20,034 

7,697 

12,261 

151,801 

201,221 

78,23.3 

16,169 

72,377 

1,191 


1909 

56 

37,479 

21,900 

21,273 

406,286 

460,186 

205,517 

51,401 

199,273 

1,496 

Texas.■. 

1914 

6 

50,160 

20,365 


608,374 

647,160 

256,238 

74,355 

349,165 

2,971 


1909 

3 

15,700 

5,800 


217,826 

220,752 

95,969 

27,777 

116,857 

5,000 


1 In addition, in 1914,99,401 gallons of spirits of turpentine, valued at $36,617. and 3,027 barrels of rosin, valued at $44,734, were reported by establishments assigned to lum¬ 
ber and timber prod nets, and 373.557 gallons of spirits of turpentine, valued at $194,1X3, and 51,825 barrels of rosin, valued at $198,165, were reported bv establishments engaged 
in the distillation of wood. In 1909,18,310 gallons of spirits of turpentine, valued at $7,482, were reported by lumber manufactures, and 706,868 gallons, valued at $249,526, 
by wood distillation. 

2 The barrel in 1914 has been reduced to an estimated weight of 500 pounds each for dip, and of 300 pounds for scrape. The weights reported ranged from 250 to 550 
pounds and 180 to 500 pounds, respectively. In 190!), the weight per barrel ranged from 280 to 600 pounds for dip, and from 200 to 400 for scrape. All the establishments 
did not report the weight per barrel and no'attempt was made to reduce them to a uniform weight. 

1 Included in the totals for crude gum distilled. 


Including the production of turpentine and rosin by 
establishments assigned to the lumber and timber and 
the wood-distillation industries, the total output of 
these products in 1914 was valued at $21,463,890 and 
comprised 27,648,939 gallons of spirits of turpen¬ 
tine, valued at $10,740,327; 2,944,929 barrels of 
rosin, valued at $10,572,309; and dross and other 
products to the value of $151,254. The average 
values of the spirits of turpentine distilled from the 
gum were 39 cents per gallon in 1914, 44 cents hi 
1909, and 49 cents in 1904; the turpentine product of 
wood distillation shows somewhat lower averages, 
namely, 34 cents in 1914, 35 cents in 1909, and 40 
cents hi 1904. 

The decrease in production for the five-year period 
1909 to 1914 was shared by five of the eight turpentine- 
producing states, viz, Alabama, Florida, Georgia North 
Carolina, and South Carolina; while Louisiana, Missis¬ 
sippi, and Texas show marked gains. In Louisiana the 
increase amounted to 58.3 per cent in value of prod¬ 
ucts, 82.9 per cent in quantity of spirits of turpentine, 
and 93 per cent in quantity of rosin; in Mississippi, to 
35.4 per cent, 50.1 per cent, and 43 per cent, respec¬ 
tively, and in Texas, to 170.9 per cent, 193.2 per cent, 
and 167.7 per cent, respectively. Texas thus shows 
the largest percentage of gain; but the greatest amount 
of increase in value of products appears for Louisiana 
and the next greatest for Mississippi. 

Equipment and methods of operation.—Two systems 
of extracting the gum from the trees are in use—the 
‘‘box system” and the “cup system.” The essential 
feature of the box system is a box or cavity, cut into 


the base of the tree by means of a long-bladed ax to 
receive the liquid gum, which is called “dip.” This 
operation is followed by “chipping,” which is the 
wounding or scarifying of the trunk of the tree directly 
above the box, a strip of bark and sapwood about 
three-fourths of an inch wide and from one-half to 
1 inch deep being romoved. The stroke with the 
“hach,” a specially constructed tool for this use, is 
made from either side diagonally downward, termmat¬ 
ing in the center and immediately above the box. An 
exposed surface the width of the box is thus created, 
which is termed a “face.” A season’s chipping ex¬ 
tends the face of the tre.e upward a distance of about 
24 niches. The dip is transferred from the box by 
the use of a flat, trowel-shaped instrument called a 
“dipper.” 

The cup system, now most generally used, differs 
from the box system principally hi the substitution of 
a clay or metal cup for the cut-in box, the gum being 
conveyed into the cup by means of metal gutters 
inserted into the tree and leading diagonally down¬ 
ward. The chipping of the tree begins above the cup, 
and continues upward in the same manner as when 
the box system is used. After the chipping has ex¬ 
tended up the tree for a distance, the cup and gutters 
may be raised, thus avoiding much waste by evapora¬ 
tion. Its chief advantage over the box system is that 
it causes loss damage to the vitality and stability of 
the trees and secures a greater yield and a better qual¬ 
ity of crude gum. 

The gum which hardens on the tree is gathered by 
the use of a “scraper.” Because of evaporation, 

















































TURPENTINE AND ROSIN. 


9 


again being worked, is called “back-boxed timber’' 
(the expression, which refers to the cutting of new 
boxes, having originated when the box system was 
the only one employed). 

The unit of measure in turpentine operations is the 
“crop,” which consists of 10,500 boxes or cups. 

Table 13 shows, by states, for 1914 and 1909, the 
total number and age of the crops worked, the system 
used in working them, and the number worked in 
“round” and in “back-boxed” timber, together with 
the per cent distribution, by systems, of the total 
number of crops. 


Table 13 

SYSTEM EMPLOYED AND NUMBER OF CROPS. 

UNITED STATES. 

ALABAMA. 

FLORIDA. 

GEORGIA. 

LOUISIANA. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

NORTH 

CAROLINA. 

SOUTH 

CAROLINA. 

TEXAS. 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

1914 

1909 

Number of crops worked, total. 

18,166 

20,158 

1,693 

1,945 

8,950 

9,923 

5,044 

6,178 

943 

633 

1,138 

1,053 

39 

62 

125 

271 

234 

93 

By cup system. 

11,813 

2,383 

1,410 

309 

5,627 

1 114 

2 548 

457 

903 

278 

1 121 

182 


2 

16 


188 

41 

By box system. 

6,353 

17,775 

283 

1,636 

3,323 

8,809 

2,’496 

5,721 

40 

355 

17 

871 

39 

60 

109 

271 

46 

52 

Per cent distribution: 



















By cup system. 

65.0 

11.8 

83.3 

15.9 

62.9 

11.2 

50.5 

7.4 

95.8 

43.9 

98.5 

17.3 


3.2 

12.8 

. 

80.3 

44.1 

By box system. 

35.0 

88.2 

16.7 

84.1 

37.1 

88.8 

49.5 

92.6 

4.2 

56.1 

1.5 

82.7 

ioo.'o' 

96.8 

87.2 

100.0 

19.7 

55.9 

Virgin (first year), total. 

3,190 

3,860 

266 

468 

1,431 

1,700 

810 

1,146 

307 

206 

279 

271 

2 

6 

5~ 

42~ 

90 

21 

By cup system. 

2,369 

802 

250 

131 

1,025 

326 

444 

120 

301 

116 

275 

90 





74 

19 

By box system. 

821 

3,058 

16 

337 

406 

1,374 

366 

1,026 

6 

90 

4 

181 

2 

6 

5 

42 

16 

2 

Yearling (second year), total. 

4,666 

4,327 

460 

504 

1,978 

1,906 

1,327 

1,283 

347 

212 

402 

301 


16 

40 

41 

112 

64 

By cup system. 

3,287 

661 

408 

84 

1,348 

313 

706 

101 

339 

99 

398 

49 


1 

6 


82 

14 

By box system. 

1,379 

3,666 

52 

420 

630 

1,593 

621 

1,182 

8 

113 

4 

252 


15 

34 

41 

30 

50 

Third year, total. 

5,260 

4,977 

653 

494 

2,430 

2,275 

1,546 

1,621 

211 

160 

344 

328 

2 

4 

42 

91 

32 

4 

By cup system. 

3,625 

528 

556 

71 

1,696 

210 

796 

139 

199 

63 

337 

40 


1 

9 


32 

4 

By box system. 

1,635 

4,449 

97 

423 

734 

2,065 

750 

1,482 

12 

97 

7 

288 

2 

3 

33 

91 



Fourth year and older, total. 

5,050 

6 ,994 

314 

479 

3, 111 

4,042 

1,361 

2,128 

78 

55 

113 

153 

35 

36 

38 

97 


4 

By cup system 

2,532 

392 

196 

23 

1,558 

265 

602 

97 

64 


111 

3 



1 



4 

By box system. 

2,518 

6,602 

118 

456 

1,553 

3,777 

759 

2,031 

14 

55 

2 

150 

35 

36 

37 

97 

...... 


In round timber, total. 

9,852 

13,363 

1,100 

1,667 

5,747 

8,435 

995 

1,461 

743 

617 

934 

995 

15 

19 

84 

76 

234 

93 

By cup system. 

6,440 

1,572 

867 

260 

3,220 

727 

532 

100 

708 

278 

917 

164 


2 

8 


188 

41 

By box system. 

3,412 

11,791 

233 

1,407 

2,527 

7,708 

463 

1,361 

35 

339 

17 

831 

15 

17 

76 

76 

46 

52 

In back-boxed timber, total. 

8,314 

6,795 

593 

278 

3,203 

1,488 

4,049 

4,717 

200 

16 

204 

58 

24 

43 

41 

195 



By cup system 

5,373 

811 

543 

49 

2,407 

387 

2,016 

357 

195 


204 

18 



8 




By box system . 

2,941 

5,984 

50 

229 

796 

1,101 

2,033 

4,360 

5 

16 


40 

24 

43 

33 

195 



















“scrape” produces less spirits and more rosin than 
dip. The methods of operations are more fully de¬ 
scribed in the reports for the census of 1909. (Thir¬ 
teenth Census of the United States, 1910, Vol. 10, 
Manufactures, page 686.) 

Timber which is undergoing its first period of 
working is termed “round timber.” After it has been 
worked four or five years it is allowed to rest for 
a number of years—generally about four—during 
which time the wounds heal and its vitality is re¬ 
stored, so that it is in condition to furnish another 
yield of gum. Timber which, after such a rest, is 


The extent to which the cup systeih is supplanting 
the box system is strikingly brought out by the figures 
showing the per cent distribution for the two censuses. 
In 1909 only 11.8 per cent of the crops were worked 
by the cup system, but in 1914 the corresponding 


percentage had increased to 65. Among the states, 
the greatest proportions of the crops worked by this 
system in 1914 are shown in the returns from Mis¬ 
sissippi and Louisiana, 98.5 per cent and 95.8 per cent, 
respectively. 

















































































10 


MANUFACTURES 


GENERAL 

Tho principal statistics secured by the census in-' 
quiry concerning the turpentine and rosin industry 
are presented, by states, in Tables 14 and 15. 

Table 14 shows, for 1914, 1909, and 1904, by states, 
the number of establishments, average number of 


TABLES. 

wage earners, primary horsepower, wages, cost of 
materials, and value of products as reported for the 
turpentine and rosin industry. 

Table 15 presents, for 1914, by states, the more de¬ 
tailed statistics of the industry. 


Table 14.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES, FOR 1914, 1909, AND 1904. 


STATE. 


Cen¬ 

sus 

year. 


Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 


Wage 

earners 

(aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber). 

| 


Pri¬ 

mary 

horse¬ 

power. 



Cost of 

Value 

Wages. 

ma- 

of prod- 


terials. 

ucts. 

Expressed in thousands. 


United States. 


Alabama. 


Florida 


Georgia 


1914 

1909 

1904 


1,394 

1,585 

1,287 


1914 

1909 

1904 


160 

175 

144 


1914 

1909 

1904 


508 

593 

406 


1914 

1909 

1904 


562 

592 

432 


$8,583 

9,363 

8,383 


$5,535 

4,911 

3,775 


$20,990 

25,295 

23,937 


34,817 

39,511 

33,382 


3,411 

3,519 

2,919 

15,466 
18,143 
15,541 

9,118 
12,787 
11, 736 


2,478 

4,129 

1,175 


164 

384 

151 

913 

1,916 

349 

1,158 

1,407 

362 


850 

906 

745 

4,015 

4,316 

3,714 

2,101 

2,931 

3,041 


521 

4S6 

511 

2,584 

1,969 

725 

1,173 

1,260 

1,156 


2,047 
2,472 
2,434 

9,573 
11,937 
9,902 

4,608 

6,939 

7,706 


Louisiana. 


1914 

1909 

1904 


27 

23 

15 


2,472 79 

1,688 105 

236 .. 


689 

420 

70 


424 

158 

37 


1,858 

1,174 

212 


"7 

STATE. 

Cen¬ 

sus 

year. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 

Wage 

earners 

(aver¬ 

age 

num¬ 

ber). 

Pri¬ 

mary 

horse¬ 

power. 

Wages. 

Cost of 
ma¬ 
terials. 

Value 
of prod¬ 
ucts. 

Expressed in thousands. 

Mississippi. 

1914 

61 

3,275 

108 

$669 

$580 

$1,997 


1909 

64 

2,573 

286 

581 

349 

1,475 


1904 

124 

2,633 

300 

737 

394 

2,366 

North Carolina. 

1914 

35 

45 

33 

10 

98 

147 


1909 

79 

139 

19 

28 

483 

674 


1904 

87 

148 

4 

39 

578 

743 

South Carolina. 

1914 

35 

221 

2 

42 

57 

152 


1909 

56 

443 

2 

101 

164 

406 


1904 

79 

169 

9 

37 

374 

574 

Texas. 

1914 

6 

809 

21 

207 

98 

608 


1909 

3 

219 

10 

80 

42 

218 


1904 







• 









% 


Table 15.— DETAIL STATISTICS FOR THE TURPENTINE AND ROSIN INDUSTRY, BY STATES: 1914. 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


WAGE EARNERS DEC. 15, OR NEAREST 
REPRESENTATIVE DAY. 


STATE. 

Num¬ 
ber of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ments. 


Propri- 

Salaried 

officers. 

Clerks 

, etc. 


Wage earners. 

Total. 

etors, 

and 

firm 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents, 

and 

mana¬ 

gers. 


Fe¬ 

male. 

Average 

number. 

Number, 15th day of— 




mem¬ 

bers. 

Male. 

Maximum 

month. 

Minimum 

month. 

United States. 

1,394 

38,294 

1,621 

1,305 

543 

8 

34,817 

My 37,767 

De 30,407 

Alabama. 

160 

3, 760 

214 

99 

34 

2 

3,411 

Jy 3,815 

De 2,799 

Florida. 

508 

16,975 

674 

565 

269 

1 

15,466 

Je 16,988 

De 13,289 

Georgia. 

562 

10,166 

569 

422 

55 

2 

9,118 

My 10,116 

De 7,714 

Louisiana. 

27 

2,630 

16 

82 

59 

1 

2,472 

Ap 2,571 

Oc 2,401 

Mississippi. 

North Carolina. 

61 

3,506 

51 

90 

89 

1 

3,275 

•Ty 3,372 
My 1 65 

Ja 3,165 

35 

96 

47 

2 

1 

1 

45 

Mh > 26 

South Carolina. 

35 

281 

45 

14 

1 


221 

My 303 

Aul 862 

De 108 

Texas. 

6 

880 

5 

31 

35 


809 

No 731 


16 and over. 


Under 16. 


Capital. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe¬ 

male. 


Male. 


Fe¬ 

male. 


36,604 


35,955 


68 


478 


$20,744,872 


3,636 
15,883 
9,998 
2,537 


3,599 
15,542 
9,933 
2,522 


47 

1 


37 

291 

64 

15 


1,038,681 
9,894,866 
4,572,172 
2,280,190 


3,262 

65 

302 

821 


3,200 


20 


64 

300 

795 


42 

1 

2 

26 


2,273,186 
66,246 
62,120 
557,411 


STATE. 

EXPENSES. 

Value of 
products. 

Value 
added by- 
manufac¬ 
ture. 

POWER. 

Salaries and wages. 

For con¬ 
tract 
work. 

Kent and taxes. 

For materials. 

Primary horsepower. 

Officials. 

Clerks, 

etc. 

Wage 

earners. 

Rent of 
factory. 

Taxes, 

includ¬ 

ing 

internal 
revenue 
and cor¬ 
poration 
income. 

Principal 
materials. 

Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 

Total. 

Steam 

en¬ 

gines. 

Inter- 

nal- 

com- 

bus- 

tion 

en¬ 

gines. 

Water 

wheels 

and 

mo¬ 

tors. 

United States. 

Alabama. 

Florida. 

Georgia. 

Louisiana. 

Mississippi. 

North Carolina. 

South Carolina. 

Texas. 

$1,077,569 

$356,846 

$8,582,970 

$532,143 

$15,630 

$170,397 

$5,431,509 

$104,052 

$20,990,191 

$15,454,630 

2,478 

1,669 

789 

20 

77,946 
476,594 
275,344 
99,337 

99,880 
1,120 
6,895 
40,453 

18,477 
170,115 

33.568 

50.568 

53,145 
1,680 
960 
28,333 

850,201 
4,014,790 
2,101,320 
688, 426 

669,323 
10,202 
41,429 
207,279 

11,592 
372, 708 
40,094 
42,626 

60,436 
3,573 
465 
619 

1,103 

1.814 

6,933 

1,035 

3,870 

220 

655 

7,577 
96,606 
36,874 
13,576 

17,898 

530 

513 

2,823 

516,511 
2,535,948 
1,142,356 
418,852 

569,403 
96,989 
55,340 
96,110 

4,675 
47,617 
30,274 
5,498 

10,776 
1,285 
1,761 
2,166 

2,047,132 
9,573,083 
4,607,590 
1,858,391 

1,997,139 
146,681 
151,801 
608,374 

1,525,946 

6,989,518 

3.434.960 
1,434,041 

1.416.960 
48,407 
94,700 

510,098 

164 

913 

1,158 

79 

108 

33 

2 

21 

114 

588 

775 

62 

96 

13 

21 

50 

325 

363 

17 

12 

20 

2 

20 


1 Sami number reported for one or more other months. 

o 












































































































































































































































































. 




































































‘ * 

















































' 






































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